Typically the bit sequence is generated by a UART inside a microcontroller, which is wired to a RS-485 interface IC (also called a "RS485 Line Driver/Receivers" or "RS-485/RS422 Transceiver"). Suitable for Multi-Vendor Environments: The standardization of RS-485 ensures interoperability between devices from different vendors. It is interesting to note that many vendor datasheets invert the standard in provided truth tables found in RS-485 part datasheets. The most widely used communication standard is RS232. Do also take note that RS232 and RS485 are not fixed. RS485 is however most popularly used in programmable logic controllers and factory floors where there are lots of electrical noise. Fret not. There are tools available that can be used to convert your USB ports to RS485. RS485 is limited in terms of the distance it can transmit data. RS232 is typically used for short-distance communication, with a maximum distance of 15 meters (50 feet) between devices. RS485 offers greater speeds of up to 10Mb/s over a distance of 15 meters. RS485 has many advantages over other standards, especially when it comes to applications in noisy industrial environments.

The twisted pairs in RS485 give immunity against electrical noise, making RS485 viable in electrically noisy environments. For many basic-performance twisted-pair cables, the vendor's datasheet doesn't even give you the differential-mode nominal impedance of each pair. Each pair has two wires to which a driver and one more receivers are connected. LocalTalk only connects to the next-outermost pair of wires (the "outer pair" on a standard 4-wire cable). It enables communication between multiple devices, such as sensors, controllers, and actuators, using the RS485 standard. Developed by Modicon, Modbus enables different devices from different manufacturers to be integrated into the main system. This whole system allows manufacturing facilities to control their devices remotely and also set-up automation. Manufacturing facilities use serial communication to link their devices together. The converter must be connected to both the RS232 and RS485 interfaces, and the devices must be configured to communicate through the converted signals.

You can find out more about the differences between RS485 and RS232 here. Here are the detailed specifications of RS485. Due to this and it being able to transmit data over long distances, the RS485 is used commonly as a protocol for POS, industrial and telecom. It is known for being able to be used effectively over long distances and in electrically noisy environments. The RS485 protocol employs a differential voltage system that allows it to operate effectively in environments with higher levels of electrical noise. Differential pairs support equal and opposite signals to represent communication bits. Making effective use of serial devices often involves converting between RS232, RS485, and USB signals. RS485 is used more industrially where many devices need to be interconnected together for a system. We need a power supply: a precise Keithley2602A source-meter and software that allows one to control the source-meter and take VAC (volte-ampere characteristics).

LoRaWAN Wireless Transmission: Ultra-low power consumption and ultra-wide-distance transmission range. It has Max.10 year of battery life and can cover a transmission range of 2km in urban scenes and 10km in line-of-sight scenes. In this setup both the TX and RX share a single pair of wires, therefore it is limited to half-duplex data transmission as the data cannot be transmitted simultaneously to and fro each device. By adding another 2 wires, making it a 4 wires system, it allows data transmission in both directions to and fro devices at the same time, also known as full-duplex. This means data can be transmitted in both directions to and fro devices one direction at a time. RS485 is also commonly used for building automation as the simple wiring configuration and lengthy cable length are ideal for joining remote devices. Devices will be linked together via a bus configuration as shown in the picture above. This configuration facilitates efficient data transfer between devices while minimizing the risk of signal distortion. Serial communication also has a deterministic behaviour to avoid collisions of data packets, making it more reliable for a linkage system with many devices. There are different serial communication standards such as RS232, RS422 and RS485.