For "http://1788.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=0908&wr_id=64949 this, better differentiation of the impact of flooding on different sectors is necessary in order to be able to directly link results of flood assessments to economic (input-output or general equilibrium) models. At the meso-/micro-scale, the topic of critical infrastructure (i.e. electricity, gas, water, telecoms networks) is emerging as a key caveat, which has a high relevance for policy makers. Insights from other disciplines, for instance, related to terrorism (Patterson and Apostolakis 2007) or volcanic (Wilson et al. 2012) risks, and network models in general (e.g. Dueñas-Osorio et al. 2007; Winkler et al. 2011) could also prove to be very useful for flood risk management. Lastly, validation of flood risk models is an issue at all scales. Flood risk assessment in absolute numbers are surrounded by considerable uncertainties, and some studies have shown that validation in real-life cases gives mixed results (e.g. Jongman et al. At the same time, encouragingly good results have been reported (e.g. Aerts et al.

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This knowledge will also lead to the development of insight into required maintenance for these measures and will aid in design of strategies to communicate this to homeowners. The successful adoption of suitable private-side flood mitigation measures is complicated by challenges related to public awareness and engagement and jurisdictional issues, which can cause uncertainty with respect to the available technologies and approaches and with whom the responsibility lies. Movement away from information-deficit models, and greater emphasis on factors that have been found to better drive public engagement flood risk reduction (e.g., self-efficacy) is warranted. Recently, national guidance on household level interventions for flood risk have been published (Canadian Standards Association, 2018). With the exception of Sandink (2007, 2011), no studies have been identified that examine public and homeowner understanding and reaction to public engagement programs focused specifically on urban flooding in Canada. There remains, therefore, a research gap in understanding public motivations to engage in urban/basement flood mitigation options.

In a related context, Birkinbine (2020) has asserted that alienation and exploitation can occur in voluntary contributions to Free (Libre) and Open Source Software (FLOSS), however since contributors demonstrate a sense of ownership over the resulting product, any alienation that does occur in FLOSS labour is "at least qualitatively different to more classical forms of industrial production" (p. 40). Söderberg (2008) asserts that the free and open source software "attacks alienated labour by circumventing it" (p. 10). IndieWeb’s contributors exemplify this in their commitment to build for themselves, and to embrace pluralism. These commitments will be discussed further in Chapter 4, but for now I will simply highlight that IndieWeb’s contributors are encouraged to build small projects to fit their own needs and that it is acceptable and encouraged to try new approaches to that end. And yet, it is also clear that individuals do not exhibit total autonomy over their building processes, since IndieWeb builders maintain compatibility with a complex system, build upon each other’s work, and influence each other in a variety of ways.

2020). Additionally, these "soft" measures do not require extensive investment in hard-engineered infrastructures, as structural measures typically do, but instead rely instead on a good understanding of flood hazards and adequate forecasting systems. Spatial planning is increasingly considered an important tool for FRR. Its main advantage is its capability of regulating the use of space for the long term. Appropriate land use allocation can minimize or even prevent exposure to natural hazards in current and future situations. Coordinated regulations are needed to incorporate disaster risk reduction strategies in spatial planning (Sutanta et al. 2010). Flood risk management and river ecosystem conservation have not been traditionally considered components of the urban planning process. This fact is due in large part to the division of academic fields. Those who deal with flooding and water quality are trained in river engineering, hydrology, geology, chemistry, or geophysics, whereas urban planners are most likely trained in architecture, traditional landscape, road engineering or social sciences.